Antisocial Personality Disorder (Sociopath)
DarqueKnight
Posts: 6,765
[Personal Note: Mental illness should evoke the same sympathy and compassion as physical illness. Just as we would not ridicule and/or react angrily and contentiously to a person with a serious contagious physical illness, such as the flu, we also should not ridicule and/or react angrily and contentiously to a person with a serious mental illness. However, just as persons with serious contagious physical illness are quarantined for public health and saftey, it is thoroughly appropriate to implement suitable quarantine measures for those who exhibit serious mental illness.]
Antisocial personality disorder (APD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by an individual's common disregard for social rules, norms, and cultural codes, as well as impulsive behavior, and indifference to the rights and feelings of others. Antisocial personality disorder is terminology used by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, while the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases Rev. 10 refers to Dissocial personality disorder.
Overview
Diagnosis of Antisocial personality disorder is documented to be significantly more common among men than among women.
According to the older theory of Freudian psychoanalysis, a person with antisocial personality disorder has a strong id and ego that overpowers the superego. The theory proposes that internalized morals of our unconscious mind are restricted from surfacing to the ego and consciousness. However, this explanation provides no insight into the cause or treatment of the problem.
Research has shown that individuals with antisocial personality disorder are indifferent to the possibility of physical pain or many punishments and show no indications that they experience fear when so threatened.
One approach to explaining antisocial personality disorder behaviors is put forth by sociobiology, a science that attempts to understand and explain a wide variety of human behavior based on evolutionary biology. Sociobiological explanations for antisocial behavior types explore evolutionarily stable strategies, attempting to discern whether the antisocial phenotype has evolved because it gains fitness specifically within, or alongside, the survival strategies of other humans exhibiting different, perhaps complementary behaviors (e.g., in a symbiotic or parasitic manner).
Diagnostic criteria (DSM-IV-TR)
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV, currently DSM-IV-TR), a widely used manual for diagnosing mental and behavioral disorders, defines antisocial personality disorder as a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:
1. failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
2. deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure. 3. impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.
4. irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
5.reckless disregard for safety of self or others
6. consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain steady work or honor financial obligations.
7. lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.
The manual lists the following additional necessary criteria:
There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15 years.
The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or a manic episode.
Sex differences: APD is diagnosed much more frequently in men than in women. The DSM-IV diagnostic criteria does not take into account relational aggression, in which women are more likely to engage than physical aggression.
Diagnostic criteria (ICD-10)
Chapter V of the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases offers a set of criteria for diagnosing the related construct of dissocial personality disorder.
Dissocial Personality Disorder (F60.2), usually coming to attf a gross disparity between behavior and the prevailing social norms, and characterized by:
1. callous unconcern for the feelings of others;
2. gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social norms, rules, and obligations;
3. incapacity to maintain enduring relationships, though having no difficulty in establishing them;
4. very low tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for discharge of aggression, including violence;
5. incapacity to experience guilt or to profit from experience, particularly punishment;
6. marked proneness to blame others, or to offer plausible rationalizations, for the behavior that has brought the patient into conflict with society.
There may also be persistent irritability as an associated feature. Conduct disorder during childhood and adolescence, though not invariably present, may further support the diagnosis.
Causes
The cause of this disorder is unknown, but biological or genetic factors may play a role.
A family history of the disorder such as having an antisocial parent increases the chances of developing the condition. A number of environmental factors within the childhood home, school and community, such as an overly punitive home or school environment may also contribute.
Robins (1966) found an increased incidence of sociopathic characteristics and alcoholism in the fathers of individuals with antisocial personality disorder. He found that, within such a family, males had an increased incidence of APD, whereas females tended to show an increased incidence of somatization disorder instead.
Bowlby (1944) saw a connection between antisocial personality disorder and maternal deprivation in the first five years of life. Glueck and Glueck (1968) saw indications that the mothers of children who developed this personality disorder tended to display a lack of consistent discipline and affection, and an abnormal tendency to alcoholism and impulsiveness. These factors all contribute to a failure to create a stable and functional home with consistent structure and behavioral boundaries.
Adoption studies support the role of both genetic and environmental contributions to the development of the disorder. Twin studies also indicate an element of hereditability of antisocial behaviour in adults and have shown that genetic factors are more important in adults than in antisocial children or adolescents where shared environmental factors are more important. (Lyons et al., 1995)
Symptoms
Common characteristics of people with antisocial personality disorder include:
1. Persistent lying or stealing.
2. Recurring difficulties with the law.
3. Tendency to violate the rights of others (property, physical, sexual, emotional, legal).
4. Substance abuse.
5. Aggressive, often violent behavior; prone to getting involved in fights.
6. A persistent agitated or depressed feeling (dysphoria).
7. Inability to tolerate boredom.
8. Disregard for the safety of self or others.
9. A childhood diagnosis of conduct disorders.
10. Lack of remorse for hurting others.
11. Superficial charm.
12. Impulsiveness.
13. A sense of extreme entitlement.
14. Inability to make or keep friends.
15. Lack of guilt.
16. Recklessness, impulsivity.
17. People who have antisocial personality disorder often experience difficulties with authority figures.
Prevalence
The National Comorbidity Survey, which used DSM-III-R criteria, found that 5.8% of males and 1.2% of females showed evidence of a lifetime risk for the disorder.[8] In penitentiaries, the percentage is estimated to be as high as 75%. Prevalence estimates within clinical settings have varied from three to 30 percent, depending on the predominant characteristics of the populations being sampled. {Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders} Perhaps not surprisingly, the prevalence of the disorder is even higher in selected populations, such as people in prisons (who include many violent offenders) (Hare 1983). Similarly, the prevalence of ASPD is higher among patients in alcohol or other drug (AOD) abuse treatment programs than in the general population (Hare 1983), suggesting a link between ASPD and AOD abuse and dependence.
Source: Wikipedia Article on "Sociopath"
The intrested reader may use this as a reference for further study.
Antisocial personality disorder (APD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by an individual's common disregard for social rules, norms, and cultural codes, as well as impulsive behavior, and indifference to the rights and feelings of others. Antisocial personality disorder is terminology used by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, while the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases Rev. 10 refers to Dissocial personality disorder.
Overview
Diagnosis of Antisocial personality disorder is documented to be significantly more common among men than among women.
According to the older theory of Freudian psychoanalysis, a person with antisocial personality disorder has a strong id and ego that overpowers the superego. The theory proposes that internalized morals of our unconscious mind are restricted from surfacing to the ego and consciousness. However, this explanation provides no insight into the cause or treatment of the problem.
Research has shown that individuals with antisocial personality disorder are indifferent to the possibility of physical pain or many punishments and show no indications that they experience fear when so threatened.
One approach to explaining antisocial personality disorder behaviors is put forth by sociobiology, a science that attempts to understand and explain a wide variety of human behavior based on evolutionary biology. Sociobiological explanations for antisocial behavior types explore evolutionarily stable strategies, attempting to discern whether the antisocial phenotype has evolved because it gains fitness specifically within, or alongside, the survival strategies of other humans exhibiting different, perhaps complementary behaviors (e.g., in a symbiotic or parasitic manner).
Diagnostic criteria (DSM-IV-TR)
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV, currently DSM-IV-TR), a widely used manual for diagnosing mental and behavioral disorders, defines antisocial personality disorder as a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:
1. failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
2. deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure. 3. impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.
4. irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
5.reckless disregard for safety of self or others
6. consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain steady work or honor financial obligations.
7. lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.
The manual lists the following additional necessary criteria:
There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15 years.
The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or a manic episode.
Sex differences: APD is diagnosed much more frequently in men than in women. The DSM-IV diagnostic criteria does not take into account relational aggression, in which women are more likely to engage than physical aggression.
Diagnostic criteria (ICD-10)
Chapter V of the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases offers a set of criteria for diagnosing the related construct of dissocial personality disorder.
Dissocial Personality Disorder (F60.2), usually coming to attf a gross disparity between behavior and the prevailing social norms, and characterized by:
1. callous unconcern for the feelings of others;
2. gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social norms, rules, and obligations;
3. incapacity to maintain enduring relationships, though having no difficulty in establishing them;
4. very low tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for discharge of aggression, including violence;
5. incapacity to experience guilt or to profit from experience, particularly punishment;
6. marked proneness to blame others, or to offer plausible rationalizations, for the behavior that has brought the patient into conflict with society.
There may also be persistent irritability as an associated feature. Conduct disorder during childhood and adolescence, though not invariably present, may further support the diagnosis.
Causes
The cause of this disorder is unknown, but biological or genetic factors may play a role.
A family history of the disorder such as having an antisocial parent increases the chances of developing the condition. A number of environmental factors within the childhood home, school and community, such as an overly punitive home or school environment may also contribute.
Robins (1966) found an increased incidence of sociopathic characteristics and alcoholism in the fathers of individuals with antisocial personality disorder. He found that, within such a family, males had an increased incidence of APD, whereas females tended to show an increased incidence of somatization disorder instead.
Bowlby (1944) saw a connection between antisocial personality disorder and maternal deprivation in the first five years of life. Glueck and Glueck (1968) saw indications that the mothers of children who developed this personality disorder tended to display a lack of consistent discipline and affection, and an abnormal tendency to alcoholism and impulsiveness. These factors all contribute to a failure to create a stable and functional home with consistent structure and behavioral boundaries.
Adoption studies support the role of both genetic and environmental contributions to the development of the disorder. Twin studies also indicate an element of hereditability of antisocial behaviour in adults and have shown that genetic factors are more important in adults than in antisocial children or adolescents where shared environmental factors are more important. (Lyons et al., 1995)
Symptoms
Common characteristics of people with antisocial personality disorder include:
1. Persistent lying or stealing.
2. Recurring difficulties with the law.
3. Tendency to violate the rights of others (property, physical, sexual, emotional, legal).
4. Substance abuse.
5. Aggressive, often violent behavior; prone to getting involved in fights.
6. A persistent agitated or depressed feeling (dysphoria).
7. Inability to tolerate boredom.
8. Disregard for the safety of self or others.
9. A childhood diagnosis of conduct disorders.
10. Lack of remorse for hurting others.
11. Superficial charm.
12. Impulsiveness.
13. A sense of extreme entitlement.
14. Inability to make or keep friends.
15. Lack of guilt.
16. Recklessness, impulsivity.
17. People who have antisocial personality disorder often experience difficulties with authority figures.
Prevalence
The National Comorbidity Survey, which used DSM-III-R criteria, found that 5.8% of males and 1.2% of females showed evidence of a lifetime risk for the disorder.[8] In penitentiaries, the percentage is estimated to be as high as 75%. Prevalence estimates within clinical settings have varied from three to 30 percent, depending on the predominant characteristics of the populations being sampled. {Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders} Perhaps not surprisingly, the prevalence of the disorder is even higher in selected populations, such as people in prisons (who include many violent offenders) (Hare 1983). Similarly, the prevalence of ASPD is higher among patients in alcohol or other drug (AOD) abuse treatment programs than in the general population (Hare 1983), suggesting a link between ASPD and AOD abuse and dependence.
Source: Wikipedia Article on "Sociopath"
The intrested reader may use this as a reference for further study.
Proud and loyal citizen of the Digital Domain and Solid State Country!
Comments
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At this point it seems "He Gone". Hopefully never to return."Appreciation of audio is a completely subjective human experience. Measurements can provide a measure of insight, but are no substitute for human judgment. Why are we looking to reduce a subjective experience to objective criteria anyway? The subtleties of music and audio reproduction are for those who appreciate it. Differentiation by numbers is for those who do not".--Nelson Pass Pass Labs XA25 | EE Avant Pre | EE Mini Max Supreme DAC | MIT Shotgun S1 | Pangea AC14SE MKII | Legend L600 | BlueSound Node 3 - Tubes add soul!
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Don't count on it. Slime has a tendency to stick around.Michael
In the beginning, all knowledge was new!
NORTH of 60° -
We get the point. Let's talk about audio now.
~J
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