2.3TL Rebuild Starts Now

123457

Comments

  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    Thanks Randy,
    If the next ones i ordered don't fit well I will check it out.
    Bob
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • Sorry Autozone, the part numbers are 84546 for the .187 and 84547 for the .110 and they come in a ten pack.
    Yamaha RXA1030, Yamaha CD-S2100, Yamaha AS-2200, Bluesound node 2i
    Polk SDA2btl highly modded
    Polk SDA 1C modded
    Polk CS350 LS x2
    Kimber 8TC
    Sony 55" Bravia
    Wish list SVS sub

  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    I rebuilt the 2.3TL binding post wire harnesses this weekend.

    The WireWorld Helicon 16 OFC is easy to strip, twist, crimp and solder. I used their flat stripper to remove insulation and twisted the wires with my fingers and needle nose pliers. I used standard crimpers to crimp the quick connects (fastons) and needle nose pliers to crimp the sockets that snap into the molded connector that connects to the cross over board. After crimping I soldered all connections.

    One thing to watch out for is the Helicon insulation melts at a low temperature. I used a clothespin to hold the connector during soldering and be sure not to touch the warmed insulation until everything has cooled. I found that a soldering gun on high worked best because it heats the joint almost instantly.

    Also the Helicon wire is directional so this must be considered during assembly.

    After everything was assembled I covered the back side of the binding post cup with hot glue (forgot to take photo).

    I plan to rewire the tweeter and driver harnesses as time allows.

    I will not have any feedback on how things sound until I have finished and moved the speakers back into position.

    In the mean time I am listening to my 1A's. B)

    c8byl62vv6fh.jpg

    unq45l2pdb6p.jpg

    ntntrqm4vsro.jpg

    mw9tu269h8u0.jpg

    1745iotp2s98.jpg

    g9xcyiuacmjz.jpg

    qdlacpq092yy.jpg

    n0pd5lw8lwb3.jpg

    9j78yp6gi1z3.jpg

    twtgcyljwowt.jpg

    etle4u3a6day.jpg

    nku5ic11at2a.jpg

    5o3d81axqwag.jpg














    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • Schurkey
    Schurkey Posts: 2,100
    1. What makes a wire like what is shown, "directional".
    2. What is the advantage of a "directional" wire, when the signal it's carrying is AC--that is, rapidly switching direction?
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    Good question Shurkey.
    All I know is there are arrows on the wire and the text "TO SPEAKER".
    Bob

    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    My Wire World IC'S are directional.
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • Schurkey
    Schurkey Posts: 2,100
    machone wrote: »
    My Wire World IC'S are directional.
    Interconnects are an assembly, they're more than an insulated conductor. I've owned "directional" interconnects; the ones I had were directional because the shield was connected to only one RCA plug. Therefore the shield did not connect the grounds of two components, since it was not in contact with the second RCA plug. I no longer remember which component was supposed to get the RCA plug that was connected to the shield.

    Since these wires are not shielded,, but do carry an AC signal, I have not enough imagination to understand what could make them "directional", or what the advantage could be.
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    The literature explains their DNA Helix but it says nothing about direction.

    I followed the arrows; didn't want electrons spilling inside the cabinet. :)
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    Finished one of the tweeter harnesses.

    nrcqo1uaqt7r.jpg

    l39a9o770qi5.jpg

    qqlhnykugz49.jpg

    rk4bz5cukooi.jpg



    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • machone wrote: »
    I rebuilt the 2.3TL binding post wire harnesses this weekend.

    The WireWorld Helicon 16 OFC is easy to strip, twist, crimp and solder. I used their flat stripper to remove insulation and twisted the wires with my fingers and needle nose pliers. I used standard crimpers to crimp the quick connects (fastons) and needle nose pliers to crimp the sockets that snap into the molded connector that connects to the cross over board. After crimping I soldered all connections.

    One thing to watch out for is the Helicon insulation melts at a low temperature. I used a clothespin to hold the connector during soldering and be sure not to touch the warmed insulation until everything has cooled. I found that a soldering gun on high worked best because it heats the joint almost instantly.

    Also the Helicon wire is directional so this must be considered during assembly.

    After everything was assembled I covered the back side of the binding post cup with hot glue (forgot to take photo).

    I plan to rewire the tweeter and driver harnesses as time allows.

    I will not have any feedback on how things sound until I have finished and moved the speakers back into position.

    In the mean time I am listening to my 1A's. B)

    c8byl62vv6fh.jpg

    unq45l2pdb6p.jpg

    ntntrqm4vsro.jpg

    mw9tu269h8u0.jpg

    1745iotp2s98.jpg

    g9xcyiuacmjz.jpg

    qdlacpq092yy.jpg

    n0pd5lw8lwb3.jpg

    9j78yp6gi1z3.jpg

    twtgcyljwowt.jpg

    etle4u3a6day.jpg

    nku5ic11at2a.jpg

    5o3d81axqwag.jpg














    Hey the arrows are pointing AWAY from the terminal cup there
  • The second to last pic
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    Yes, that is going towards the x-over, drivers and tweeters.
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • Oh yeah the direction of the signal is coming IN from the terminal.

    DUH! :(
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    That's ok.

    I used male pins on the first harness to plug into the male pins on xover socket.

    Had to remove the pins from the plug (real fun), cut them off the wires, restrip, crimp, solder, etc.

    DUH
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • All I can add, is that you do beautiful work.
  • indyhawg
    indyhawg Posts: 1,633
    Very nice work.
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    Thanks :)
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • westmassguy
    westmassguy Posts: 6,850
    Looks great.
    Home Theater/2 Channel:
    Front: SDA-2ATL forum.polkaudio.com/discussion/143984/my-2as-finally-finished-almost/p1
    Center: Custom Built forum.polkaudio.com/discussion/150760/my-center-channel-project/p1
    Surrounds & Rears: Custom Built forum.polkaudio.com/discussion/151647/my-surround-project/p1
    Sonicaps, Mills, RDO-194s-198s, Dynamat, Hurricane Nuts, Blackhole5
    Pioneer Elite VSX-72TXV, Carver PM-600, SVS PB2-Plus Subwoofer

    dhsspeakerservice.com/
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    Thanks Dave
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    Two driver harnesses finished. :)

    yg22fuhc1k7n.jpg
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    I labeled the drivers and driver harnesses and finished the remaining tweeter harness. I did not label the tweeter harnesses because the tweeters have two different size fastons so they cannot be connected out of phase.

    Next I reassembled everything and ran a quick battery check to ensure that everything was in phase.

    o78v5duse9r1.jpg

    gu4p6lw6ylyv.jpg

    g5fn10at4nvi.jpg

    How does it sound?

    Unless I am tripping or having some kind of ultra-mega-placebo affect I would say beyond my expectations. The improved separation of instruments and vocals creates more depth, clarity and realism. Also there is more tactile feel if I am explaining this correctly? Lastly they are silky smooth. Lots of goosebumps!

    I am very happy with the results!

    Someone with more experience than me needs to do this upgrade and give their opinion to verify my findings. The dollar cost is not much but it did take me 16 hours to disassemble, build the harnesses and reassemble. It is a big job but IMHO worth every penny and minute.

    I will post a bill of materials for anybody that may be interested.

    B)
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • Mmmmmmmmmm
    Prettttyyyyyyyy <3
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    Attached is the BOM for the internal wiring.
    15 meters is enough wire but extra connectors should be ordered :)
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    So I have been moving my speakers while installing new power outlets. I always mark the floor with painters tape before moving the soeakers so I can move them back into position.

    FYI: For some time the stereo image has been shifted slightly to the left. I have been planning to troubleshoot this problem another time.

    I decided to double check the distance to the wall to make sure the speakers where parallel to the wall and discovered that the left speaker is 2.5" further from the wall than the right !!!

    I don't know when this happened but now that I have moved it back to match the right speaker the image centered. :)
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    This is a duplicate from another thread "is there such a thing as too much black hole five?".

    After reading through that thread I decided that maybe I over-did the BH5.

    I decided to remove any BH5 that was not directly behind the mid stereo and SDA drivers. I did a quick calculation and realized that this is a significant percentage.

    I removed the BH5 from behind the tweeters and cut 5" off each end of the strip behind the SDA drivers. So now it is only behind the mid stereo and sda drivers. Turns out this is 42% of the original BH5 area. Not a trivial amount.

    I think the overall balance is better along with the stronger bass. Especially deep bass.

    A little bit goes a long way. Live and learn.
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    One thing I will add is that my room is on a concrete slab and has always been bass shy. If these speakers were in a room with joist construction I am sure my choices might be different. B)
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • pitdogg2
    pitdogg2 Posts: 24,477
    looking very good. That wire doesn't look fun to play with.
  • BlueBirdMusic
    BlueBirdMusic Posts: 2,066
    machone,

    You are always doing interesting electrical work. Here are some new type connectors.

    Available on Amazon at $14 for 50 three conductor version. I saw them referenced in a question on another blog.

    0rd19xr9dnxe.jpg
    "Sometimes you have to look to the past to understand where you are going in the future"


    Harry / Marietta GA
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    F1nut wrote: »
    Ya ain't heard nothin' yet.

    F1, you were right.
    I thought they were good but now that I am improving sources and treating the room they are beyond my expectations. :)
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"
  • machone
    machone Posts: 1,471
    I covered my Beldin cables with Furez sleeve and changed to 90 degree Speakons connected to the Dreadnought.
    Next I am stealing F1's outrigger and spikes idea for the Dreadnought. >:)

    Before
    nmeieca5j8vn.jpg

    After
    clxs23px4hpq.jpg
    Mojo Audio Illuminati v3>>Quantum Byte w/LMS>>Rpi/PiCoreplayer>> Starlight 7 USB >> Mojo Audio Mystique v2 SE>>ModWright SWL 9.0 SE Signature>>Hafler DH-500 Amp+ (Musical Concepts Fully Modded)>>
    SRS 2.3TL (Fully Modded)...Velodyne Optimum 8 subwoofer
    1KVA Dreadnought

    Marantz SA 8005
    Pioneer PLX-1000 Turntable - Shure SC35C/N35X - V15III/VN35HE
    Yamaha TX-540 Tuner...Sony BDP-S570
    Sony PS4

    Separate subpanel with four dedicated 20 amp circuits.
    1. Amplification 2. Analog 3. Digital 4. Video

    "All THAT IS LOST FROM THE SOURCE IS LOST FOREVER"